Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their superior removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical resistance,

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their capacity to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR efficiency is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The structure of the module, including the type of membrane material,